Current Affairs & GK Weekly One Liners 01st to 07th of July 2024

Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023: Comprehensive Details

The Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 was introduced on August 11, 2023, as a replacement for the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973. It came into effect on July 1, 2024, alongside two other major laws: the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), which replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Indian Evidence Act, respectively. These changes mark the most significant overhaul of India’s criminal justice system since its independence.

Key Features and Amendments in BNSS, 2023

Expansion of Legal Provisions :

• The BNSS comprises 531 sections, replacing the 484 sections of the CrPC. A total of 177 provisions have been modified, while 9 new sections and 39 sub-sections have been added. The act introduces 44 new provisions, aiming to address gaps and ambiguities in the previous law.

Forensic Investigations

• Forensic evidence becomes central to investigations. BNSS mandates forensic investigation for offences punishable by seven or more years of imprisonment. Forensic experts are required to visit crime scenes to collect evidence, improving the reliability and scientific basis of criminal investigations.

Electronic Trials and Digital Evidence

• BNSS makes provisions for trials, inquiries, and proceedings to be conducted electronically. Digital evidence—such as emails, phone records, and other forms of electronic communication—can be produced and analyzed during trials, reflecting the increasing role of technology in crime and investigation.

1. Trial in Absentia

• If a proclaimed offender evades arrest and there is no imminent possibility of apprehension, trials may proceed in their absence, and judgments can be delivered without their physical presence.

1. Collection of Biometric and Voice Evidence

• The law allows for the collection of specimen signatures, fingerprints, and voice samples during investigations. This can be done even if the person has not been arrested, providing authorities with broader tools for gathering evidence in the early stages of a case.

Reforms in Bail, Arrest, and Custody Provisions

1. Changes in Bail Provisions

• BNSS reforms the process of granting bail, particularly for cases involving multiple charges. Unlike the CrPC, which allowed bail after the accused had been detained for half of the maximum possible sentence, BNSS denies this right in cases where multiple sections of law are involved, potentially limiting access to bail for accused individuals in complex cases.

1. Extended Police Custody

• Police custody has been extended under BNSS to a maximum of 15 days, which can be authorized in parts during the initial 40- or 60-day period of judicial custody. This change has raised concerns that it could lead to prolonged pre-trial detention, making it harder for accused individuals to secure bail quickly.

1. Use of Handcuffs

• Handcuffs can now be used in a wider range of cases, including economic offences. This marks a significant departure from Supreme Court guidelines, which previously restricted the use of handcuffs to protect the dignity of the accused.

Strengthened Law Enforcement Powers

1. Seizure of Property

• BNSS allows the police and authorities to seize property suspected to be proceeds of crime, expanding their power to disrupt criminal networks. However, some have criticized this for lacking the safeguards present in other laws such as the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), which could result in misuse.

1. Evidence Submission by Successors

• Evidence collected by retired or transferred investigating officers can be presented in court by their successors. This provision, which deviates from traditional rules of evidence, has sparked concerns as it prevents the cross-examination of the original author of the evidence.

Victim and Witness Protections

1. Enhanced Victim Compensation

• BNSS provides enhanced compensation and support mechanisms for victims of crime. This includes improved frameworks for recognizing and addressing the mental, physical, and financial suffering of victims, a significant improvement over the previous system.

1. Comprehensive Witness Protection

• The law introduces strong provisions for the protection of witnesses, ensuring they are not intimidated or harassed during the trial process. Witness protection is now a central aspect of the law, which aims to bolster the credibility and safety of key witnesses in criminal cases.

Key Issues and Concerns

1. Prolonged Detention Without Bail

• The law’s allowance for up to 15 days of police custody during judicial custody may lead to prolonged detention, particularly if the police do not fully utilize the 15-day period. This raises concerns about potential abuses of power and undue delays in granting bail.

1. Seizure of Property Without Safeguards

• Critics have pointed out that BNSS does not offer the same level of safeguards against property seizures as the PMLA. This could result in unjust seizures and harassment, particularly in cases where property is suspected of being linked to criminal proceeds.

1. Contradictions with Supreme Court Guidelines

• The broader permission for the use of handcuffs in BNSS conflicts with Supreme Court rulings that restrict such practices. This has sparked concerns about potential human rights violations, especially in cases where handcuffs are used excessively or without proper cause.

Comparison Between BNSS, 2023 and CrPC, 1973

Aspect	CrPC, 1973	BNSS, 2023
Introduction Date	1973	2023
Colonial Influence	Retained colonial elements	Reflects post-independence Indian values
Language and Terminology	Archaic legal language	Simplified and modernized language
Structure	484 sections	531 sections, updated
Arrests	Traditional methods	Digital warrants, tech-enabled arrests
Investigation	Traditional methods	Forensic focus, cyber investigations
Bail and Bonds	Comprehensive	Stricter bail process for multiple charges
Trial Procedures	Lengthy trials	Simplified, expedited trial process
Victim Rights	Basic recognition	Enhanced compensation, support
Witness Protection	Limited provisions	Comprehensive witness protection
Speedy Trial	Often delayed	Stronger emphasis on timely trials
Digital Evidence	Limited recognition	Comprehensive digital evidence recognition
Police Reforms	Basic guidelines	Detailed police reform guidelines
Appeals and Revisions	Detailed procedures	Digital submissions, faster processes
Juvenile Procedures	Governed by Juvenile Justice Act	Integrated with special juvenile provisions
Technology Use	Limited usage	Extensive technology use in legal processes
Alternative Dispute Resolution	Basic provisions	Expanded focus on ADR mechanisms
Preventive Measures	Section 107, 144	Strengthened preventive measures
Community Policing	Limited focus	Emphasis on community policing
Special Courts	Some provisions	Expanded scope for special courts
Inter-State Coordination	Basic guidelines	Enhanced inter-state cooperation
Legal Aid	Basic provisions	Strengthened legal aid provisions
Electronic Monitoring	Not covered	Provisions for electronic offender monitoring
Public Participation	Limited mechanisms	Increased role of public participation

Key Differences Between BNSS, 2023 and CrPC, 1973

• Post-Colonial Values: BNSS eliminates colonial influences present in CrPC, modernizing the legal framework to better reflect independent India’s values.
• Language: BNSS uses simplified, accessible language compared to the archaic legal terms of CrPC.
• Technology and Digital Evidence: Emphasizes the use of technology, digital trials, and forensic investigations, unlike the traditional methods in CrPC.
• Bail: Stricter conditions, especially for those facing multiple charges, whereas CrPC offered more lenient bail provisions.
• Witness and Victim Protections: Comprehensive mechanisms introduced in BNSS, whereas CrPC provided limited protections.

Conclusion

The Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 is a landmark legal reform that aims to modernize the criminal justice system in India by incorporating technology, expanding the scope of forensic investigation, and strengthening protections for victims and witnesses. However, certain provisions related to police custody, property seizure, and handcuffing raise concerns about potential human rights violations and misuse of power. As India transitions from the CrPC to the BNSS, balancing efficiency with fairness and justice will be crucial.

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Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023: Complete Details

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 is part of the three new criminal laws replacing colonial-era legal frameworks in India. It officially replaces the Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860, modernizing and restructuring the country’s criminal code to reflect contemporary legal standards and the evolving needs of Indian society. The law came into effect on July 1, 2024.

Key Features of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023

1. Introduction of BNS:
   • The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is a revised version of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), aimed at replacing outdated colonial laws. It was passed by the Indian Parliament in December 2023 and came into force on July 1, 2024.
2. Structural Changes:
   • The BNS reduces the total number of sections from 511 (in the IPC) to 356 sections. Of these, 175 sections have been modified, 8 new sections have been added, and 22 sections from the IPC have been repealed.
3. Modernization with Technology:
   • The definition of “documents” has been expanded to include electronic records, such as emails, server logs, messages on devices (SMS, smartphones), and other digital evidence. This change accommodates modern technologies and helps transition from paper-based to digital legal processes.
4. Digitization of Legal Processes:
   • The law aims to digitize the entire process from FIR registration to case diaries, charge sheets, and court judgments, allowing for more streamlined, transparent, and efficient proceedings.
5. Forensic Evidence and Conviction Rates:
   • Videography during search and seizure has been made mandatory, ensuring better accountability. Forensic teams must visit crime scenes for cases punishable with seven years or more, aiming to raise the conviction rate above 90%. The government will also establish the National Forensic Science University to produce forensic experts annually.
6. Zero FIR and E-FIR:
   • A “Zero FIR” or e-FIR can be filed from any location regardless of jurisdiction, ensuring easier access for citizens. Once registered, it will be forwarded to the relevant police station within 15 days.
7. Victim-Centric Provisions:
   • The law mandates video-recording statements in cases of sexual violence. It also ensures that no case with a punishment of 7+ years can be withdrawn without hearing the victim.
8. Community Service and Summary Trials:
   • For the first time, community service has been introduced as a punishment for six offenses. Additionally, summary trials for offenses punishable with up to three years have been expanded.
9. Protection for Civil Servants:
   • Decisions on granting trial permission for civil servants or police officers must be made within 120 days, or it will be treated as granted.
10. Newly Criminalized Acts:
    • Sexual intercourse on the basis of false promises (marriage, employment, promotion, false identity) is now a criminal offense.
    • Mob lynching has been categorized with penalties of 7 years, life imprisonment, or the death penalty.
    • Chain snatching and mobile phone snatching from women now carry penalties.

Major Offenses in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

1. Offenses Against the Body:
   • The BNS retains IPC provisions on murder, abetment of suicide, assault, and grievous hurt. New crimes such as terrorism, organized crime, and murder based on specific grounds have been introduced.
2. Sexual Offenses Against Women:
   • The law retains sections on rape, voyeurism, stalking, and insulting a woman’s modesty. The legal age threshold for gang rape victims has been raised from 16 to 18 years.
3. Offenses Against Property:
   • Retaining IPC provisions on theft, robbery, and cheating, BNS adds cybercrime and financial fraud as punishable offenses.
4. Offenses Against the State:
   • The BNS eliminates sedition but introduces crimes related to endangering India’s sovereignty, unity, and integrity.
5. Offenses Against the Public:
   • BNS criminalizes human trafficking and environmental pollution for the first time.

Highlights of the New Criminal Law

1. Updated Section Numbers:
   • The BNS now contains 356 sections (reduced from IPC’s 511 sections).
2. Enhanced Use of Technology:
   • Mandatory forensic team visits to crime scenes in serious cases, use of digital and electronic records in court, and video conferencing for court appearances.
3. Forensic Science University:
   • Establishment of a National Forensic Science University to produce forensic experts, bolstering conviction rates.
4. Zero FIR and Victim-Centric Reforms:
   • Introduction of e-FIR, mandatory video recording of sexual violence cases, and enhanced rights for victims.

Difference Between the New and Old Laws

Aspect	Old Law (Indian Penal Code, 1860)	New Law (Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023)
Introduction Date	1860	2023
Colonial Influence	Drafted during British rule	Reflects post-independence Indian values
Language and Terminology	Archaic English	Simplified and modernized language
Sections	511 sections	356 sections
National Security Offenses	Focus on sedition	Focus on national security, terrorism, and cybercrime
Sexual Offenses	Limited scope	Expanded, with gender neutrality and modern definitions
Cybercrimes	Minimal coverage	Comprehensive coverage of digital crimes
Punishments	Traditional	Updated, with alternative sentencing and community service
Restorative Justice	Limited	Emphasis on restorative justice and victim compensation
Corruption	General provisions	Detailed provisions for modern corruption forms
Defamation	Criminal defamation	Aligned with freedom of speech considerations
Adultery and Homosexuality	Criminalized	Decriminalized (following court rulings)
Marital Rape	Not recognized	Recognized and criminalized
Forensic Science	Traditional methods	Modernized with technological focus
Juvenile Justice	Separate Act (Juvenile Justice Act)	Integrated provisions within the BNS

These differences highlight the modernization and alignment of BNS with current socio-legal norms in India.

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Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023: Complete Overview

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 is a modernized legal framework replacing the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, aimed at updating how evidence is processed, particularly in the context of electronic and digital advancements. This law is part of a broader legislative overhaul, including the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), replacing colonial-era laws like the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure. The BSA will come into effect on July 1, 2024, bringing significant reforms to evidence collection and admissibility in Indian courts.

Key Features of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023

1. Introduction of the Law:
   • The BSA replaces the outdated Indian Evidence Act, 1872, which was a colonial-era law. It reflects post-independence values and contemporary needs. This marks a significant shift in the legal system, especially in how evidence is handled in criminal and civil cases.
2. Modernization of Evidence Processing:
   • One of the most significant aspects of the BSA is its recognition and inclusion of electronic and digital records as valid forms of evidence. This includes:
     • Emails
     • Server logs
     • Data on computers, laptops, and smartphones
     • Website content and location data
     • SMS, messages, and other forms of digital communication
   • The law also allows oral evidence to be recorded electronically, enhancing transparency and efficiency in court procedures.
3. Expanded Secondary Evidence:
   • Secondary evidence has been broadened to include oral and written admissions. For instance, evidence from someone skilled in examining complex documents, like financial accounts, can now be presented in court as secondary evidence. This makes it easier to deal with cases involving numerous documents or complex information that cannot be conveniently examined in court.
4. Use of Audio-Video Statements:
   • In sensitive cases, especially those involving sexual offenses, the BSA mandates the use of audio-video recording for the victim’s statement. This aims to protect the victim and ensure transparency in investigations.

Major Differences Between the Old and New Laws

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 brings about many key updates that reflect the growing importance of technology, modern societal values, and victim protections.

Aspect	Indian Evidence Act, 1872	Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Introduction Date	Drafted in 1872	Passed in 2023
Colonial Influence	Drafted during British colonial rule	Reflects modern post-independence values
Language and Terminology	Archaic English	Simplified, modern language
Structure	167 sections	New sections added with a modern structure
Admissibility of Evidence	Detailed rules on admissibility	Updated to include electronic and digital evidence
Electronic Evidence	Basic recognition through amendments	Comprehensive inclusion of electronic records as evidence
Hearsay Rule	Strict adherence	Modified to accommodate modern communication methods
Witness Testimony	Traditional, in-person testimony	Enhanced provisions including video conferencing for witnesses
Relevance of Evidence	Defined under Sections 5-55	Expanded to include new forms of evidence like digital data
Documentary Evidence	Sections 61-90	Broadened to include electronic documents
Presumptions	Various presumptions defined	New presumptions reflecting societal and technological advancements
Confessions	Sections 24-30 cover confessions	Revised provisions, particularly regarding digital confessions
Privileged Communication	Sections 122-132	Expanded to cover modern professional and digital communications
Expert Testimony	Sections 45-51	Expanded to include experts in digital forensics and related fields
Burden of Proof	Covered in Sections 101-114	Updated to account for new types of evidence, particularly digital
Character Evidence	Sections 52-55	Updated to align with contemporary social values
Presumption of Innocence	Strongly upheld	Continued emphasis with new safeguards for digital evidence cases
Alibi	Specific provisions	Expanded with more detailed provisions for establishing alibi
Sexual Offenses Evidence	Limited recognition of victims’ rights	Enhanced protections and victim-centric considerations
Corroboration	Requirement in certain cases	Updated, especially for digital and electronic evidence
Chain of Custody	Basic principles	More detailed procedures for digital evidence
In-camera Proceedings	Limited scope	Expanded for sensitive cases like sexual offenses and minors
Forensic Evidence	Basic inclusion	Extensive provisions including forensic DNA analysis and digital forensics
Hostile Witnesses	Provisions for hostile witnesses	Updated to address digital threats and intimidation
Adverse Inference	Sections on adverse inference from silence	Updated to align with modern legal standards
Reforms Focus	Primarily focused on admissibility and relevance	Strong focus on efficiency, technology, and victim rights

New Focus Areas in Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023

1. Admissibility of Digital Evidence:
   • The BSA brings in clear guidelines for the admissibility of digital and electronic records, making it easier for courts to deal with modern types of evidence like social media content, SMS, and emails.
2. Hearsay Rule Modifications:
   • The strict adherence to the hearsay rule under the Indian Evidence Act has been relaxed to consider modern communication methods, such as emails and digital correspondence.
3. Enhanced Witness Testimony Procedures:
   • Witnesses can now provide testimony through video conferencing, reducing delays in trials and ensuring that witnesses can participate even if physically distant from the court.
4. Forensic Evidence and Chain of Custody:
   • The BSA strengthens provisions for forensic evidence, particularly DNA and digital forensics, and outlines detailed procedures for maintaining the chain of custody in digital evidence to ensure authenticity and reliability.
5. Victim Protections in Sexual Offense Cases:
   • The BSA provides enhanced protections for victims of sexual violence, including mandatory audio-video recording of victim statements. This ensures transparency and reduces the chances of tampering or misreporting.
6. Expanded Use of Expert Testimony:
   • Expert testimony now includes fields such as digital forensics, reflecting the increasing importance of technology in legal cases.

Conclusion

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 represents a transformative shift in India’s legal landscape, particularly in evidence law. It modernizes the way courts handle evidence, especially in the context of digital and electronic records, and prioritizes victim protection, efficiency, and the use of technology in the judicial process. These changes align with India’s current needs and values, ensuring that the legal system is better equipped to handle the complexities of a digital age.

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Indian Government Reshuffles Cabinet Committees: July 2024 Overview

On July 3, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi reorganized key Cabinet Committees as part of his third consecutive term in office, marking a historic milestone. These committees are instrumental in shaping policy, managing critical issues, and ensuring the smooth functioning of various government sectors.

What are Cabinet Committees?

Cabinet Committees are smaller groups formed within the Union Cabinet. These committees consist of key ministers and focus on specific areas of governance. Their purpose is to assist in decision-making and the execution of government strategies, facilitating more efficient management of complex policy areas.

Key Details of the Reshuffled Cabinet Committees

• The Union Council of Ministers now consists of 72 members, including Prime Minister Modi.
• Out of these, 31 members hold Cabinet-rank positions and are actively involved in the new committees.
• Prime Minister Modi leads several of these committees, although some are chaired by other senior ministers.

The Eight Major Cabinet Committees (Post-July 2024)

1. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC):
   • Members: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah.
   • Primary Role: This committee oversees and approves senior appointments in the government, including positions in public sector undertakings and civil services. It plays a crucial role in shaping the administrative leadership.
2. Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS):
   • Key Members: Prime Minister Modi, Defence Minister, Home Minister, Finance Minister, and External Affairs Minister.
   • Purpose: The CCS handles matters of national security, including the country’s defense strategies, internal security challenges, and major defense procurement decisions. It is a critical body in ensuring India’s safety and sovereignty.
3. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA):
   • Chaired by: Prime Minister Modi.
   • Members: Includes key ministers like those from the Ministries of Defence, Finance, Home Affairs, Agriculture, and others.
   • Objective: This committee focuses on major economic policies and decisions related to finance, agriculture, and national economic growth. It also reviews and approves large-scale projects, making it central to the government’s economic strategy.
4. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA):
   • Headed by: Prime Minister Modi.
   • Members: Senior ministers such as those in charge of Defence, Home Affairs, Finance, and others.
   • Function: The CCPA is responsible for managing political strategies and handling sensitive political issues. It is crucial for coordinating the government’s political agenda, especially in handling inter-party relations and maintaining political stability.
5. Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth:
   • Chaired by: Prime Minister Modi.
   • Members: Finance Minister, Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Railways Minister, and others.
   • Focus: This committee is tasked with boosting investments, both domestic and foreign, and driving economic growth. It works on policy decisions that encourage infrastructure development, job creation, and long-term economic sustainability.
6. Cabinet Committee on Skill, Employment, and Livelihood:
   • Notable Absence: Prime Minister Modi is not a member of this committee.
   • Key Members: Defence Minister, Home Affairs Minister, Education Minister, Labour Minister, and others.
   • Role: This committee is dedicated to improving the nation’s employment scenario by enhancing skills, creating jobs, and promoting sustainable livelihoods. It plays a vital role in addressing unemployment and enhancing workforce capabilities.
7. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs:
   • Chairperson: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.
   • Notable Absence: Prime Minister Modi is not a part of this committee.
   • Function: The committee manages government business in Parliament, including setting the legislative agenda and ensuring smooth coordination between government and opposition parties. It is crucial for advancing the government’s legislative priorities.
8. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation:
   • Headed by: Home Minister Amit Shah.
   • Members: Ministers of Finance, Housing, and Urban Affairs.
   • Purpose: This committee handles issues related to housing and accommodation for government officials, ensuring that essential services and living arrangements for government employees, including ministers and bureaucrats, are well-managed.

Key Focus Areas of the Reshuffle

• Economic Growth and Investment: The government has placed a strong emphasis on stimulating economic growth and attracting investment, which is reflected in the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs and the Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth.
• National Security: The Cabinet Committee on Security remains pivotal, given the complex internal and external security challenges facing India. This committee’s responsibilities extend to managing defense policies and ensuring national stability.
• Political Strategy: The reshuffled Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs plays an essential role in maintaining political harmony and managing sensitive political matters, especially as India heads towards new legislative sessions and elections.
• Employment and Skill Development: With a growing population, the Cabinet Committee on Skill, Employment, and Livelihood reflects the government’s commitment to reducing unemployment and enhancing the skill set of the workforce, focusing on creating job opportunities.
• Housing and Infrastructure: The Cabinet Committee on Accommodation, led by Amit Shah, addresses government housing needs, which are critical for the functioning of various departments and ensuring a well-structured administrative infrastructure.

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24th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit: Key Insights

The 24th Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) took place on July 4, 2024, in Astana, Kazakhstan. This significant event brought together leaders from multiple countries to discuss regional security, counterterrorism, and cooperation on pressing international issues.

Host and Venue Details

• Host: The summit was chaired by Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, the President of Kazakhstan.
• Location: The meeting was held in Astana, Kazakhstan’s capital, serving as a platform for member states to address key geopolitical and economic issues.

Notable World Leaders in Attendance

Key figures who participated in the summit included:

• Russian President: Vladimir Putin
• Chinese President: Xi Jinping
• Pakistani Prime Minister: Shehbaz Sharif
• UN Secretary-General: Antonio Guterres

India’s Representation at the SCO Summit

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi did not personally attend the meeting. Instead, External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar represented India at the summit.
• Dr. Jaishankar delivered a speech on behalf of Prime Minister Modi, emphasizing critical areas of concern like terrorism and regional cooperation.

Major Developments at the Summit

1. Belarus Joins SCO as Full Member
   • A key outcome of the summit was the formal admission of Belarus as the 10th full member of the SCO.
   • Previously, Belarus held observer status, and its full membership now expands the organization’s influence in Eurasia.
2. Focus on Combating Terrorism
   • Dr. S. Jaishankar read out Prime Minister Modi’s address, which emphasized the need for global unity in combating terrorism.
   • Modi’s speech highlighted that terrorism, in any form, is unacceptable and must be fought with decisive action, particularly when it involves cross-border terrorism.
   • The Indian leadership also stressed the need to crack down on terrorist financing and the recruitment of individuals by extremist organizations.
3. SCO’s Continued Expansion
   • The SCO continues to grow in membership and scope. Initially established in 2001 with five founding members, the organization has progressively expanded.
   • India and Pakistan joined as full members in 2017.
   • Iran was welcomed as the 9th member in 2023.
   • Now, with Belarus joining in 2024, the SCO has 10 permanent members.

Looking Ahead: The 25th SCO Summit

• The next SCO Council of Heads of State Meeting is scheduled to take place in China.
• China has assumed the rotating presidency of the SCO from Kazakhstan.
• The Chinese city of Qingdao has been selected as the SCO’s tourism and cultural capital for the years 2024-2025, underscoring China’s growing influence within the organization.

About the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

The SCO is an influential intergovernmental organization that focuses on fostering regional security, enhancing cooperation, and addressing shared concerns such as terrorism, extremism, and separatism. It has emerged as a vital platform for Eurasian countries to collaborate on various security and development initiatives.

Key Concerns and Observations

• Some analysts have raised concerns about the SCO’s evolution into a potentially anti-Western alliance, with China and Russia at the helm. This perception has fueled debates over the organization’s global positioning.
• It is believed that concerns regarding this growing anti-Western tilt may have influenced Prime Minister Modi’s decision to not attend the summit in person, although India remains an active participant in the SCO.

Structure and Governance of the SCO

• The Council of Heads of State serves as the highest decision-making body within the SCO. It convenes once a year to deliberate on the most critical issues affecting member states.

Additional Key Facts

• SCO Headquarters: The organization’s headquarters are located in Beijing, China.
• Permanent Members: With Belarus joining, the SCO now has 10 full members.
• Observer Members: Countries like Afghanistan and Mongolia hold observer status, participating in discussions without full voting rights.

The 24th SCO Summit underscored the organization’s growing importance in regional geopolitics, and with new members like Belarus coming on board, the SCO is poised to play a larger role in shaping the future of security and cooperation in Eurasia. The 2025 summit in China will likely further define the organization’s trajectory.

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National Affairs Highlights: July 1 to 7, 2024

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States in the News: Highlights for July 2024

1. Hul Kranti Diwas Celebrations in Jharkhand

• Date: June 30 marks Hul Kranti Diwas each year.
• Historical Significance: This day commemorates the 1855 tribal uprising against British rule, led by tribal leaders like Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav.
• Participation: Over 50,000 tribals from around 400 villages in Jharkhand took part in this rebellion, making a significant contribution to India’s struggle for independence.

2. NTR Bharosa Pension Scheme Launched in Andhra Pradesh

• Launch by: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu.
• Objective: The scheme, named NTR Bharosa, aims to provide financial support through pensions and is seen as a fulfillment of a key election promise.
• Impact: This initiative brings much-needed assistance to millions of beneficiaries, offering them financial security and hope.

4. UP Introduces NIRMAN Bill to Boost Investment

• Bill Passed: The Uttar Pradesh Nodal Investment Region for Manufacturing (NIRMAN) Bill, 2024 was introduced by the state government.
• Objective: This initiative, led by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, is part of a strategic push to transform Uttar Pradesh’s economy, aiming to reach the $1 trillion mark.
• Focus: The NIRMAN bill is designed to attract investment in manufacturing, ensuring a conducive environment for industry growth.

5. Lokpath Mobile App Launched in Madhya Pradesh

• Launch by: Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav.
• App Name: Lokpath Mobile App.
• Purpose: Developed by the Public Works Department, this app is intended to increase transparency and accountability in governance. It allows the public to track government projects and services, reinforcing the administration’s commitment to public welfare.

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International Affairs: Key Updates for July 2024

1. Japan Unveils New Banknotes with 3D Holography

• Date: Starting July 3, 2024, Japan is set to introduce redesigned banknotes for the first time in 20 years.
• Innovative Feature: These banknotes feature advanced holography technology, which creates a 3D effect of historical figures’ portraits rotating when viewed from different angles.
• Purpose: The primary goal of this cutting-edge technology is to serve as a robust anti-counterfeiting measure, showcasing Japan’s focus on enhancing financial security.

2. United Nations Conference on Afghanistan in Doha

• Event: The third UN Conference on Afghanistan was held from June 30 to July 1, 2024, in Doha, Qatar.
• Significance: This meeting was particularly notable for being the first time the Taliban participated in formal international talks since taking control of Afghanistan in 2021.
• Objective: Discussions focused on Afghanistan’s future, security, governance, and its relationship with the international community.

4. International Toy Fair in Delhi

• Event: The four-day International Toy Fair kicked off on July 6, 2024, at Pragati Maidan, Delhi.
• Participants: Over 300 domestic companies and more than 100 foreign buyers from countries like the US and Germany are expected to attend.
• Showcase: More than 250 Indian brands will display their products, highlighting India’s growing role in the global toy industry.

6. New Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof

• New Leadership: Former intelligence chief Dick Schoof, 67, has become the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, succeeding long-serving leader Mark Rutte.
• Political Focus: Schoof, who previously headed the Dutch Secret Service, leads a right-wing coalition government that plans to implement the nation’s strictest-ever immigration policies.

8. Keir Starmer Set to Become UK Prime Minister

• Background: Keir Starmer, born to a working-class family in 1963 near London, is poised to become Britain’s next Prime Minister.
• Professional Journey: Before entering politics in 2015, Starmer built a career as a prominent human rights lawyer and public prosecutor. His rise in politics has been marked by his focus on justice and equality.

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Books and Authors: Notable Releases in June 2024

1. Books on M. Venkaiah Naidu Released by PM Modi

• Event: On June 30, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually launched three significant books celebrating the life and contributions of M. Venkaiah Naidu, the former Vice President of India.
• Titles:
  • “Venkaiah Naidu: Life in Service”: This book chronicles the dedicated public service of Naidu, highlighting his journey and commitment to the nation.
  • “Celebrating Bharat: The Mission and Message of Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu as 13th Vice-President of India”: This volume reflects on Naidu’s vision and messages during his tenure as Vice President, shedding light on his contributions to Indian politics and society.
  • “Mahaneta: Life and Journey of Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu”: A deeper exploration of Naidu’s personal and political life, this biography offers insights into his formative years, challenges, and achievements.

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Appointments and Resignations: Key Updates in July 2024

1. Ravi Agrawal as Chairman of CBDT

• New Appointment: Ravi Agrawal, a 1988-batch IRS officer, has been appointed as the Chairman of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).
• Tenure: He succeeds Nitin Gupta, whose term concluded on June 30, 2024. Agrawal’s tenure is set to last until June 2025, with a possibility of reappointment on a contract basis to ensure continuity in the CBDT’s policy framework.

3. Akhilesh Pathak as CGM of PGCIL

• New Role: Akhilesh Pathak has officially taken office as the Chief General Manager (CGM) of the Southern Region Transmission System-I (SRTS-I) under the Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) as of July 1, 2024.

4. New Brand Ambassadors for Puma India

• Announcement: Puma India, a leading sports brand, has introduced two new brand ambassadors: Riyan Parag and Nitish Kumar Reddy. This move underscores Puma’s commitment to nurturing young talent and appealing to India’s youth demographic.

6. Strengthening of the National Security Council

• New Appointments: The National Security Council (NSC) has seen several high-profile appointments aimed at strengthening its framework. Former Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) chief Rajinder Khanna has been elevated to Additional National Security Adviser (NSA). T V Ravichandran and Pavan Kapoor have been appointed as Deputy NSAs.

7. Naveen Chandra Jha as MD & CEO of SBI General Insurance

• New Leadership: SBI General Insurance Company Ltd. has appointed Naveen Chandra Jha as its new Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, succeeding Kishore Kumar Poludasu, who was nominated by the parent company, State Bank of India.

8. Justice Sheel Nagu as Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court

• Appointment: Justice Sheel Nagu has been appointed as the Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, following a notification issued by the Centre.

9. Charulatha S Kar as Executive Director at RBI

• New Role: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has appointed Charulatha S Kar as Executive Director (ED), effective from July 1, 2024.

11. Siddhartha Mohanty Redesignated as CEO and MD of LIC

• Change in Designation: Siddhartha Mohanty, the chairman of Life Insurance Corporation (LIC), has been redesignated as the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director effective from June 30, 2024. It is currently unclear whether the life insurer will appoint a new chairperson.

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Defence News Updates: Significant Developments in July 2024

1. Launch of SEBEX 2 Explosive

• Introduction of SEBEX 2: India has made a groundbreaking advancement in military technology with the development of SEBEX 2, a highly potent new explosive.
• Certification and Capabilities: Certified by the Indian Navy, SEBEX 2 is reported to be twice as lethal as traditional Trinitrotoluene (TNT), positioning it among the most powerful non-nuclear explosives globally.
• Impact on Military Applications: This innovation is expected to revolutionize artillery shells and warheads, enhancing their destructive capabilities without increasing their weight, thereby improving operational efficiency in military engagements.

4. Induction of Indigenous 4G Mobile Base Station

• First of Its Kind: The Indian Army has inducted its first-ever indigenous chip-based 4G mobile base station. This advanced technology was procured from Signaltron, a Bangalore-based firm.
• Technical Details: The base station, named Sahyadri LTE, utilizes a chip developed by Signalchip, showcasing India’s growing capabilities in developing and manufacturing advanced military communication systems.
• Strategic Advantage: This advancement reflects a step towards enhancing the operational communication capabilities of the Indian Army, providing robust support for troops in the field.

5. Record Defence Production Milestone

• Significant Achievement: India’s defence sector has reached a remarkable milestone for the fiscal year 2023-24, with total annual defence production soaring to ₹1,26,887 crore.
• Announcement and Implications: This unprecedented achievement was announced by the Union Ministry of Defence on July 5, 2024.
• Focus on Self-Reliance: The milestone represents a significant leap in India’s efforts towards self-reliance in defence manufacturing, highlighting the government’s commitment to boosting indigenous production and reducing reliance on imports.

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Awards and Recognitions: Notable Achievements in July 2024

2. Spice Award 2024: Acknowledging Sustainable Practices

• Awardee: Sopna Kallingal of Kallingal Plantation in Thrissur has been honored with the Spice Award 2024.
• Awarding Body: This award is instituted by the ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, recognizing individuals or entities that excel in spice research and cultivation.
• Achievements: Sopna Kallingal received this accolade for her innovative initiatives in enterprise diversification and the implementation of integrated crop management strategies. Her efforts have significantly contributed to promoting a sustainable spice-based cropping system, which aligns with environmental and agricultural sustainability goals.

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Summits and Conferences: Highlights from July 2024

2. Global IndiaAI Summit 2024: Positioning India as an AI Leader

• Organizer: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology hosted the Global IndiaAI Summit 2024 in New Delhi.
• Duration: This two-day event aimed to solidify India’s status as a global leader in artificial intelligence (AI) innovation.
• Objectives:
  • The summit focused on promoting ethical and inclusive advancement in AI, emphasizing the need for responsible practices in the rapidly evolving technological landscape.
  • Key sessions addressed IndiaAI’s strategic pillars, including compute capacity, datasets platform, innovation centers, and skills development.
  • Engaging topics such as ‘IndiaAI: Large Language Models’ and ‘GPAI Convening on Global Health and AI’ were explored, showcasing the breadth of AI applications in various sectors.

4. Preparations for ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting

• Host Nation: Authorities in Laos have been actively discussing preparations for the upcoming 57th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Foreign Ministers’ Meeting.
• Schedule: This significant event is set to take place in the Laos capital, Vientiane, from July 21 to 27.
• Focus: The meeting will provide a platform for discussing regional issues, strengthening cooperation among ASEAN member states, and addressing collective challenges faced by the region.

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Ranks and Reports: Fauna of India Checklist Portal

Overview of the Fauna of India Checklist Portal

• Significance: India has achieved a remarkable milestone by becoming the first country globally to compile a comprehensive checklist of its entire fauna, showcasing the nation’s rich biodiversity.
• Content: The checklist encompasses an impressive total of 104,561 species, reflecting the vast variety of animal life found across the country.

Launch Event

• Occasion: The Fauna of India Checklist Portal was officially launched on the 109th Foundation Day of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).
• Location: The launch took place in Kolkata, a city known for its contributions to research and conservation efforts in India.
• Keynote Speaker: The event was graced by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, who emphasized the importance of such initiatives in promoting environmental awareness and conservation efforts.

Purpose and Benefits of the Portal

• Biodiversity Conservation: The portal serves as a crucial tool for researchers, conservationists, and policymakers, providing easy access to information about India’s diverse fauna.
• Scientific Research: By documenting species systematically, the checklist aids scientific research and facilitates the study of ecological relationships and biodiversity patterns.
• Policy Formulation: The comprehensive data is expected to support informed decision-making and policy formulation aimed at the conservation and sustainable management of wildlife and habitats in India.

Implications

• Global Recognition: This achievement positions India as a leader in biodiversity documentation and conservation, setting a precedent for other nations to follow.
• Enhancing Conservation Efforts: The portal not only highlights the existing biodiversity but also underscores the need for ongoing conservation efforts to protect endangered species and habitats.

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Sports News Highlights

Leadership Changes in T20 Cricket

• Captain’s Announcement: Following the victory, Indian captain Virat Kohli made a surprising announcement that he would retire from T20 internationals, leaving fans in shock and marking the conclusion of a significant chapter in Indian cricket.
• Rohit Sharma’s Retirement: In the wake of the T20 World Cup, Rohit Sharma confirmed that he had played his final match for India in T20 internationals, signaling the end of his T20 career and another major shift in the team dynamics.
• Ravindra Jadeja’s Departure: All-rounder Ravindra Jadeja also announced his retirement from T20 internationals, concluding his T20 journey on a high note with the World Cup trophy.

BCCI’s Cash Prize for the Champions

• Financial Reward: The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced a generous cash prize of Rs. 125 crore for the T20 World Cup-winning squad, significantly higher than the bonuses awarded after the 2011 ODI World Cup victory, reflecting the team’s exceptional performance.

Austrian Grand Prix Highlights

• Formula 1 Race: The Austrian Grand Prix 2024 was marked by unexpected twists, leading to a stunning victory for George Russell of Mercedes at the Red Bull Ring in Spielberg, Austria. This race showcased the unpredictable nature of Formula 1 and the drivers’ ability to seize sudden opportunities.

Indian Athletics Team for Paris 2024 Olympics

• Team Announcement: The Athletics Federation of India (AFI) announced a 28-member Indian athletics team for the Paris 2024 Olympics, led by defending men’s javelin throw champion Neeraj Chopra.
• Chopra’s History: Neeraj Chopra made history three years ago by winning the first-ever gold medal for India in track and field at the Olympics, and he will be joined by Olympic debutant Kishore Jena in his event.

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Schemes and Committees News Highlights

NIRMAN Portal Inauguration

• Event: Union Minister for Coal and Mines, Shri G Kishan Reddy, inaugurated the NIRMAN portal in New Delhi as part of the “Mission Karmayogi” initiative led by Prime Minister Modi.
• Purpose: This Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative by Coal India Limited is designed to assist meritorious youth from operational districts who have cleared the UPSC Preliminary exams in 2024. The portal aims to provide support and resources to help these youths in their civil service aspirations.

Launch of Sampoornata Abhiyan

• Campaign: The NITI Aayog is set to launch the ‘Sampoornata Abhiyan’ on July 4, 2024, as a significant step to accelerate development in some of India’s most challenging regions.
• Goals: This ambitious three-month campaign aims to achieve saturation in critical indicators across 112 Aspirational Districts and 500 Aspirational Blocks. This initiative is a testament to India’s commitment to promoting inclusive growth and development across diverse regions.

SEHER Program for Women Entrepreneurs

• Launch: The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) in collaboration with TransUnion CIBIL has launched SEHER, a new credit education program aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs in India.
• Objective: SEHER is designed to enhance financial literacy and business skills among women entrepreneurs, facilitating their access to essential financial tools for business growth and employment generation. This initiative aims to create a supportive ecosystem for women-led businesses in the country.

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Science and Technology News Highlights

Creation of the World’s First AI Dress

• Innovation: In a remarkable blend of technology and fashion, Christina Ernst, a software engineer at Google and founder of SheBuildsRobots.org, has unveiled the world’s first AI dress.
• Features: The dress is equipped with robotic snakes that detect faces, showcasing the innovative application of artificial intelligence in wearable technology. A clip of this creation shared by Ernst has garnered widespread attention and fascination across social media platforms.
• Impact: This pioneering work not only highlights advancements in AI but also aims to inspire girls and women to explore careers in robotics and technology, thereby contributing to greater gender diversity in STEM fields.

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Important Days News Highlights

National Doctor’s Day (July 1)

• Date: Celebrated annually on July 1; in 2024, it falls on a Monday.
• Significance: This day honors the immense contributions of medical professionals to society. It’s a time to reflect on the dedication and sacrifices made by doctors, who play a crucial role in safeguarding public health and well-being.

GST Day (July 1)

• Date: Also observed on July 1 each year, marking the seventh anniversary of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2024.
• Purpose: GST Day commemorates the implementation of a comprehensive indirect tax system designed to simplify the taxation framework in India. The introduction of GST replaced multiple cascading taxes levied by both the central and state governments, streamlining the taxation process.

CA Day (July 1)

• Date: Celebrated every year on July 1, coinciding with National Doctor’s Day and GST Day; in 2024, it will also fall on a Monday.
• Milestone: This year marks the 76th anniversary of the establishment of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), acknowledging the vital role chartered accountants play in the financial landscape of the country.

World Sports Journalists Day (July 2)

• Date: Observed annually on July 2.
• Celebration: This day recognizes and honors the vital role sports journalists play in bringing sports stories to life. It highlights their contributions to reporting and promoting various sports, thereby enhancing public interest and engagement in sporting events.

World UFO Day (July 2)

• Date: Celebrated globally on July 2 each year.
• Focus: This day encourages people to explore the mysteries of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) and contemplate the potential for extraterrestrial life. It serves as an opportunity for enthusiasts to share their experiences and knowledge about UFO phenomena.

Samadhi Day (July 1)

• Event: On July 1, the Sivagiri Matha Atheetha Athmiya Sangham in Varkala observed the 20th death anniversary (Samadhi Day) of Swamy Saswathikananda.
• Commemoration: Followers and admirers gathered to celebrate his life and teachings, reflecting on his contributions to spirituality and social welfare.

International Plastic Bag Free Day (July 3)

• Date: Observed annually on July 3.
• Objective: This day aims to raise awareness about the environmental impact of plastic bags. It encourages individuals to abandon single-use plastic bags in favor of eco-friendly alternatives, promoting sustainability and environmental conservation.

International Day of Cooperatives (July 6)

• Date: Celebrated on July 6, 2024.
• Theme: This year’s theme is “Cooperatives Building a Better Future for All.” The day emphasizes the significant role cooperatives play in fostering sustainable development and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

World Zoonoses Day (July 6)

• Date: Observed annually on July 6, with the 2024 observance falling on a Saturday.
• Purpose: This day raises awareness about zoonotic diseases—those that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It underscores the importance of understanding these diseases and implementing preventive measures to mitigate their spread and protect public health.

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Obituaries News Highlights

Robert Towne (Acclaimed Screenwriter)

• Date of Passing: December 4, 2023.
• Age: 89 years old.
• Career Achievements: Robert Towne was a highly respected screenwriter whose works significantly influenced American cinema, particularly during the 1970s and beyond.
• Notable Works: He is best known for his screenwriting on classics such as Chinatown, which earned him an Academy Award, and he worked on various other significant projects throughout his illustrious career.
• Personal Life: Towne passed away peacefully at his home in Los Angeles, leaving behind a rich legacy in the film industry.

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Miscellaneous News Highlights

New MA Programme in Bhagavad Gita Studies

• Institution: Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU).
• Programme Launch: IGNOU has introduced a new Master of Arts (MA) program focused on Bhagavad Gita Studies.
• Academic Session: This course is set to commence in July 2024.
• Learning Format: It will be offered through Open and Distance Learning (ODL), making it accessible to a wider audience interested in exploring the philosophical and spiritual teachings of the Bhagavad Gita.

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Static Takeaways

Japan

• Capital: Tokyo
• Prime Minister: Fumio Kishida
• Currency: Japanese yen (¥)

National Medical Commission (NMC) in India

• Formation Date: September 25, 2020
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India
• Current Head: Dr. BN Gangadhar

NITI Aayog

• Chairperson: Narendra Modi
• Vice Chairman: Suman Bery
• Founded: January 1, 2015

UNESCO

• Director-General: Audrey Azoulay
• Founded: November 16, 1945, in London, United Kingdom
• Headquarters: Paris, France

Punjab National Bank (PNB)

• Established: May 19, 1894
• Headquarters: New Delhi, India
• Founder: Lala Lajpat Rai

Press Council of India

• Headquarters: New Delhi, India
• Founded by: Parliament of India
• Formation Date: July 4, 1966
• Current Chairman: Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai

All India Football Federation (AIFF)

• President: Kalyan Chaubey
• Founded: June 23, 1937
• Headquarters: Dwarka, New Delhi

Adobe Inc.

• CEO: Shantanu Narayen (since December 1, 2007)
• Headquarters: San Jose, California, United States
• Founders: Charles Geschke and John Warnock
• Founded: December 1982, in Mountain View, California, United States

Assam’s Industries & Commerce

• Minister: Chandra Mohan Patowary

VA Tech Wabag

• Chairman and Managing Director: Rajiv Mittal

Education in Singapore

• Minister for Education: Mr. Chan Chun Sing

State Bank of India (SBI)

• Chairman: Dinesh Kumar Khara
• Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Established: 1955
• Tagline: “The Banker to Every Indian”

YES BANK

• Managing Director & CEO: Mr. Prashant Kumar

Jio Financial Services

• CEO: Hitesh Sethia

Currency of Thailand

• Official Currency: Thai baht

Khelo India Programme

• Launched: 2018

Mastercard

• Chief Marketing and Communications Officer: Raja Rajamannar

International Cricket Council (ICC)

• CEO: Geoff Allardice

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)

• CEO: Shri Mihir Kanti Mishra

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Daily Current Affairs for UPSC, APSC, Bank, SSC, Government Jobs, and Sarkari Exams

Boost your Daily Current Affairs and Daily GK knowledge with important one-liners from 01st to 07th of July 2024. Perfect for Indian students preparing for UPSC, APSC, Bank Exams, SSC, Government Jobs, and other Sarkari Exams. Stay updated and enhance your competitive exam preparation with the latest and most relevant information.

Prepare for Sarkari Naukri, Government Job Exams, or Competitive Exams like UPSC, APSC, Bank PO, SSC CGL, and more with our latest Current Affairs and General Knowledge (GK) one-liners from 8th to 14th April 2024. These updates are essential for all aspirants aiming to crack their dream job in government sectors.

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April 2024 Current Affairs in Hindi

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